“An Organ-on-Chip (OoC) is a fit for purpose fabricated microfluidic-based device, containing living engineered organ substructures in a controlled micro- or nanoenvironment, that recapitulate one or more aspects of the dynamics, functionality and (patho)physiological response of an organ in vivo, in real-time monitoring mode.”
DEFINITION, APPLICATIONS & CHALLENGES
Organ-on-Chip
Consensual working definition established by the European ORCHID vision group on 23 May 2018 in Stuttgart.
OoC can be classified into 2 distinct types
- Single-organ systems: emulating key functions of single tissues or organs,
- Multi-organ systems: combining multiple organ/OoC to reproduce the systemic interactions that occur in vivo.
Organ-on-Chip can reduce, refine and replace animal studies.
Main applications
Applications in preclinical pharmacology and toxicology are the early, most visible drivers of the OoCs area. The Pharmaceutical Industry is supporting the development of OoCs to improve safety and efficacy of drugs in development, and they are paving the way for personalised medicine approaches by promoting the use of patient-specific cells. OoCs are also used in academia to model diseases for a better understanding of their mechanism and etiology. Furthermore, OoCs show a huge potential in the near future for cosmetics, chemical and food industries to test toxicological hazard and assess the risk of substances, especially because of their highly stringent regulatory requirements.
Fundamental & clinical research
- Study of human organs physiology & disease in a dynamic context
- Biomarker and target identification
- Personalized medicine (use of patient-specific cells)
- Emulation of host-microbiome interaction
Pharmaceutical area
- Drug development process: safety assessment, efficacy testing
- ADME pathways
- Ex-vivo clinical trials
- Drug repurposing
Other industries
- Test toxicological hazards
- Assess the risk of substances (cosmetics, chemicals, agro-food and consumer products)
Expected benefits
Fundamental & clinical research
- Improve knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms of action
- Bring high value to industrial transfer
Pharmaceutical area
- More rapid, accurate, cost-effective and clinically relevant testing of drugs
- More adapted treatments to genetic diversity, ethnicity, sex or age
- Cost-reduction of clinical trials
Other industries
- Alternative models to face the stringent regulatory requirement
- Replace animal testing, which is banned in Europe for cosmetic products since 2013
Key challenges
The technological challenges mainly concern the identification of new structural materials; the sourcing and co-culturing of physiologically relevant cells for all tissues and organs and the implementation of integrated physical and/or chemicals sensors. An easy-to-use technology would deliver robust and reproducible results suitable for translation across different laboratories as well as for industrial and regulatory standardization.
To build relevant models which mimic human physiology as far as possible
Need for the engagement of all key players and stakeholders in continuous dialogue, and an investment of funding. Concerted dissemination and raise of awareness about OoC’s working principles and role in both the scientific community and the public is required in order to avoid overpromises and expectations that might otherwise cloud or exceed the promising potential of the technology.
ORCHID Report
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